+# VM mem size
+size_mem = 640*1024
+
+# Buffer sizes
+size_RS = 1024 # Return stack size
+size_PS = 1024 # Parameter stack size
+size_TIB = 1096 # Terminal input buffer size
+
+# The mem array constitutes the memory of the VM. It has the following geography:
+#
+# mem = +-----------------------+
+# | Built-in Variables |
+# +-----------------------+
+# | Return Stack |
+# +-----------------------+
+# | Parameter Stack |
+# +-----------------------+
+# | Terminal Input Buffer |
+# +-----------------------+
+# | Dictionary |
+# +-----------------------+
+#
+# Note that all words (user-defined, primitive, variables, etc) are included in
+# the dictionary.
+#
+# Simple linear addressing is used with one exception: references to primitive code
+# blocks, which are represented as anonymous functions, appear the negative index
+# into the primitives array which contains only these functions.
+
+mem = Array{Int64,1}(size_mem)
+primitives = Array{Function,1}()
+
+# Built-in variables
+
+nextVarAddr = 1
+RSP0 = nextVarAddr; nextVarAddr += 1
+PSP0 = nextVarAddr; nextVarAddr += 1
+HERE = nextVarAddr; nextVarAddr += 1
+LATEST = nextVarAddr; nextVarAddr += 1
+
+mem[RSP0] = nextVarAddr # bottom of RS
+mem[PSP0] = mem[RSP0] + size_RS # bottom of PS
+TIB = mem[PSP0] + size_PS # address of terminal input buffer
+mem[HERE] = TIB + size_TIB # location of bottom of dictionary
+mem[LATEST] = 0 # no previous definition
+
+DICT = mem[HERE] # Save bottom of dictionary as constant
+
+# VM registers
+type Reg
+ RSP::Int64 # Return stack pointer
+ PSP::Int64 # Parameter/data stack pointer
+ IP::Int64 # Instruction pointer
+ W::Int64 # Working register
+ X::Int64 # Extra register
+end
+reg = Reg(mem[RSP0], mem[PSP0], 0, 0, 0)
+
+# Stack manipulation
+
+type StackUnderflow <: Exception end
+
+getRSDepth() = reg.RSP - mem[RSP0]
+getPSDepth() = reg.PSP - mem[PSP0]
+
+function ensurePSDepth(depth::Int64)
+ if getPSDepth()<depth
+ throw(StackUnderflow())
+ end
+end
+
+function ensureRSDepth(depth::Int64)
+ if getRSDepth()<depth
+ throw(StackUnderflow())
+ end
+end
+
+function pushRS(val::Int64)
+ mem[reg.RSP+=1] = val
+end
+
+function popRS()
+ ensureRSDepth(1)
+
+ val = mem[reg.RSP]
+ reg.RSP -= 1
+ return val
+end
+
+function pushPS(val::Int64)
+ mem[reg.PSP += 1] = val
+end
+
+function popPS()
+ ensurePSDepth(1)
+
+ val = mem[reg.PSP]
+ reg.PSP -= 1
+ return val
+end
+
+# Handy functions for adding/retrieving strings to/from memory.
+
+getString(addr::Int64, len::Int64) = ASCIIString([Char(c) for c in mem[addr:(addr+len-1)]])
+function putString(str::ASCIIString, addr::Int64)
+ mem[addr:(addr+length(str)-1)] = [Int64(c) for c in str]
+end
+
+# Primitive creation and calling functions
+
+function createHeader(name::AbstractString, flags::Int64)
+ mem[mem[HERE]] = mem[LATEST]
+ mem[LATEST] = mem[HERE]
+ mem[HERE] += 1
+
+ mem[mem[HERE]] = length(name) | flags; mem[HERE] += 1
+ putString(name, mem[HERE]); mem[HERE] += length(name)
+end
+
+function defPrim(name::AbstractString, f::Function; flags::Int64=0)
+ createHeader(name, flags)
+
+ codeWordAddr = mem[HERE]
+ push!(primitives, f)
+ mem[codeWordAddr] = -length(primitives)
+ mem[HERE] += 1
+
+ return codeWordAddr
+end
+
+callPrim(addr::Int64) = primitives[-addr]()
+
+function defExistingVar(name::AbstractString, varAddr::Int64; flags::Int64=0)
+ defPrim(name, eval(:(() -> begin
+ pushPS($(varAddr))
+ return mem[NEXT]
+ end)))
+end
+
+function defNewVar(name::AbstractString, initial::Int64; flags::Int64=0)
+ createHeader(name, flags)
+
+ codeWordAddr = mem[HERE]
+ varAddr = mem[HERE] + 1
+ push!(primitives, eval(:(() -> begin
+ pushPS($(varAddr))
+ return mem[NEXT]
+ end)))
+ mem[mem[HERE]] = -length(primitives); mem[HERE] += 1
+
+ mem[mem[HERE]] = initial; mem[HERE] += 1
+
+ return varAddr, codeWordAddr
+end
+
+function defConst(name::AbstractString, val::Int64; flags::Int64=0)
+ defPrim(name, eval(:(() -> begin
+ pushPS($(val))
+ return mem[NEXT]
+ end)))
+
+ return val
+end
+
+function defWord(name::AbstractString, wordAddrs::Array{Int64,1}; flags::Int64=0)
+ createHeader(name, flags)
+
+ addr = mem[HERE]
+ mem[mem[HERE]] = mem[DOCOL]
+ mem[HERE] += 1
+
+ for wordAddr in wordAddrs
+ mem[mem[HERE]] = wordAddr
+ mem[HERE] += 1
+ end
+
+ return addr
+end
+
+# Threading Primitives (inner interpreter)
+
+NEXT = defPrim("NEXT", () -> begin
+ reg.W = mem[reg.IP]
+ reg.IP += 1
+ return mem[reg.W]
+end)
+
+DOCOL = defPrim("DOCOL", () -> begin
+ pushRS(reg.IP)
+ reg.IP = reg.W + 1
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+EXIT = defPrim("EXIT", () -> begin
+ reg.IP = popRS()
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+# Basic forth primitives
+
+DROP = defPrim("DROP", () -> begin
+ popPS()
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+SWAP = defPrim("SWAP", () -> begin
+ a = popPS()
+ b = popPS()
+ pushPS(a)
+ pushPS(b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+DUP = defPrim("DUP", () -> begin
+ pushPS(mem[reg.PSP])
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+OVER = defPrim("OVER", () -> begin
+ ensurePSDepth(2)
+ pushPS(mem[reg.PSP-1])
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ROT = defPrim("ROT", () -> begin
+ a = popPS()
+ b = popPS()
+ c = popPS()
+ pushPS(a)
+ pushPS(c)
+ pushPS(b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+NROT = defPrim("-ROT", () -> begin
+ a = popPS()
+ b = popPS()
+ c = popPS()
+ pushPS(b)
+ pushPS(a)
+ pushPS(c)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+TWODROP = defPrim("2DROP", () -> begin
+ popPS()
+ popPS()
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+TWODUP = defPrim("2DUP", () -> begin
+ ensurePSDepth(2)
+ a = mem[reg.PSP-1]
+ b = mem[reg.PSP]
+ pushPS(a)
+ pushPS(b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+TWOSWAP = defPrim("2SWAP", () -> begin
+ a = popPS()
+ b = popPS()
+ c = popPS()
+ d = popPS()
+ pushPS(b)
+ pushPS(a)
+ pushPS(c)
+ pushPS(d)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+QDUP = defPrim("?DUP", () -> begin
+ ensurePSDepth(1)
+ val = mem[reg.PSP]
+ if val != 0
+ pushPS(val)
+ end
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+INCR = defPrim("1+", () -> begin
+ ensurePSDepth(1)
+ mem[reg.PSP] += 1
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+DECR = defPrim("1-", () -> begin
+ ensurePSDepth(1)
+ mem[reg.PSP] -= 1
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+INCR2 = defPrim("2+", () -> begin
+ ensurePSDepth(1)
+ mem[reg.PSP] += 2
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+DECR2 = defPrim("2-", () -> begin
+ ensurePSDepth(1)
+ mem[reg.PSP] -= 2
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ADD = defPrim("+", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a+b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+SUB = defPrim("-", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a-b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+MUL = defPrim("*", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a*b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+DIVMOD = defPrim("/MOD", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ q,r = divrem(a,b)
+ pushPS(r)
+ pushPS(q)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+EQU = defPrim("=", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a==b ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+NEQU = defPrim("<>", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a!=b ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+LT = defPrim("<", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a<b ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+GT = defPrim(">", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a>b ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+LE = defPrim("<=", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a<=b ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+GE = defPrim(">=", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a>=b ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ZEQU = defPrim("0=", () -> begin
+ pushPS(popPS() == 0 ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ZNEQU = defPrim("0<>", () -> begin
+ pushPS(popPS() != 0 ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ZLT = defPrim("0<", () -> begin
+ pushPS(popPS() < 0 ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ZGT = defPrim("0>", () -> begin
+ pushPS(popPS() > 0 ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ZLE = defPrim("0<=", () -> begin
+ pushPS(popPS() <= 0 ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ZGE = defPrim("0>=", () -> begin
+ pushPS(popPS() >= 0 ? -1 : 0)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+AND = defPrim("AND", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a & b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+OR = defPrim("OR", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a | b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+XOR = defPrim("XOR", () -> begin
+ b = popPS()
+ a = popPS()
+ pushPS(a $ b)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+INVERT = defPrim("INVERT", () -> begin
+ pushPS(~popPS())
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+# Literals
+
+LIT = defPrim("LIT", () -> begin
+ pushPS(mem[reg.IP])
+ reg.IP += 1
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+# Memory primitives
+
+STORE = defPrim("!", () -> begin
+ addr = popPS()
+ dat = popPS()
+ mem[addr] = dat
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+FETCH = defPrim("@", () -> begin
+ addr = popPS()
+ pushPS(mem[addr])
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+ADDSTORE = defPrim("+!", () -> begin
+ addr = popPS()
+ toAdd = popPS()
+ mem[addr] += toAdd
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+SUBSTORE = defPrim("-!", () -> begin
+ addr = popPS()
+ toSub = popPS()
+ mem[addr] -= toSub
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+
+# Built-in variables
+
+HERE_CFA = defExistingVar("HERE", HERE)
+LATEST_CFA = defExistingVar("LATEST", LATEST)
+PSP0_CFA = defExistingVar("PSP0", PSP0)
+RSP0_CFA = defExistingVar("RSP0", RSP0)
+STATE, STATE_CFA = defNewVar("STATE", 0)
+BASE, BASE_CFA = defNewVar("BASE", 10)
+
+# Constants
+
+defConst("VERSION", 1)
+defConst("DOCOL", DOCOL)
+defConst("DICT", DICT)
+F_IMMED = defConst("F_IMMED", 128)
+F_HIDDEN = defConst("F_HIDDEN", 256)
+F_LENMASK = defConst("F_LENMASK", 127)
+
+# Return Stack
+
+TOR = defPrim(">R", () -> begin
+ pushRS(popPS())
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+FROMR = defPrim("R>", () -> begin
+ pushPS(popRS())
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+RSPFETCH = defPrim("RSP@", () -> begin
+ pushPS(reg.RSP)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+RSPSTORE = defPrim("RSP!", () -> begin
+ RSP = popPS()
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+RDROP = defPrim("RDROP", () -> begin
+ popRS()
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+# Parameter Stack
+
+PSPFETCH = defPrim("PSP@", () -> begin
+ pushPS(reg.PSP)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+PSPSTORE = defPrim("PSP!", () -> begin
+ PSP = popPS()
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+# I/O
+
+defConst("TIB", TIB)
+NUMTIB, NUMTIB_CFA = defNewVar("#TIB", 0)
+TOIN, TOIN_CFA = defNewVar(">IN", 0)
+
+KEY = defPrim("KEY", () -> begin
+ if mem[TOIN] >= mem[NUMTIB]
+ mem[TOIN] = 0
+ line = readline()
+ mem[NUMTIB] = length(line)
+ putString(line, TIB)
+ end
+
+ pushPS(mem[TIB + mem[TOIN]])
+ mem[TOIN] += 1
+
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+EMIT = defPrim("EMIT", () -> begin
+ print(Char(popPS()))
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+WORD = defPrim("WORD", () -> begin
+
+ c = -1
+
+ skip_to_end = false
+ while true
+
+ callPrim(mem[KEY])
+ c = Char(popPS())
+
+ if c == '\\'
+ skip_to_end = true
+ continue
+ end
+
+ if skip_to_end
+ if c == '\n'
+ skip_to_end = false
+ end
+ continue
+ end
+
+ if c == ' ' || c == '\t'
+ continue
+ end
+
+ break
+ end
+
+ wordAddr = mem[HERE]
+ offset = 0
+
+ if c == '\n'
+ # Treat newline as a special word
+
+ mem[wordAddr + offset] = Int64(c)
+ pushPS(wordAddr)
+ pushPS(1)
+ return mem[NEXT]
+ end
+
+ while true
+ mem[wordAddr + offset] = Int64(c)
+ offset += 1
+
+ callPrim(mem[KEY])
+ c = Char(popPS())
+
+ if c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n'
+ # Rewind KEY
+ mem[TOIN] -= 1
+ break
+ end
+ end
+
+ wordLen = offset
+
+ pushPS(wordAddr)
+ pushPS(wordLen)
+
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+NUMBER = defPrim("NUMBER", () -> begin
+
+ wordLen = popPS()
+ wordAddr = popPS()
+
+ s = getString(wordAddr, wordLen)
+
+ try
+ pushPS(parse(Int64, s, mem[BASE]))
+ pushPS(0)
+ catch
+ pushPS(1) # Error indication
+ end
+
+ return mem[NEXT]
+end)
+
+# Dictionary searches
+
+FIND = defPrim("FIND", () -> begin
+
+ wordLen = popPS()
+ wordAddr = popPS()
+ word = lowercase(getString(wordAddr, wordLen))
+
+ latest = LATEST